PERUBAHAN EKONOMI, DEMOGRAFI DAN KEHIDUPAN SOSIAL BUDAYA MASYARAKAT DI INDONESIA PADA MASA KOLONIAL
1. LATAR BELAKANG KEDATANGAN ORANG – ORANG EROPA
KE DUNIA TIMUR
pagi tercipta bagaikan kata pembuka sebuah cerita yang dibuat untuk mengawali kisah indah..
Direct speech | Indirect speech |
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"I'm going to the cinema", he said. | He said he was going to the cinema. |
Direct speech | Indirect speech | |
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Present simple She said, "It's cold." | › | Past simple She said it was cold. |
Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online." | › | Past continuous She said she was teaching English online. |
Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." | › | Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999. |
Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." | › | Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years. |
Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday." | › | Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday. |
Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier." | › | Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier. |
Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." | › | Past perfect NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived. |
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." | › | Past perfect continuous NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes. |
Direct speech | Indirect speech | |
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will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." | › | would She said she would teach English online tomorrow. |
can She said, "I can teach English online." | › | could She said she could teach English online. |
must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online." | › | had to She said she had to have a computer to teach English online. |
shall She said, "What shall we learn today?" | › | should She asked what we should learn today. |
may She said, "May I open a new browser?" | › | might She asked if she might open a new browser. |
Direct speech | Indirect speech |
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"I might go to the cinema", he said. | He said he might go to the cinema. |
Direct speech | Indirect speech |
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"My name is Lynne", she said. | She said her name was Lynne. or She said her name is Lynne. |
Direct speech (exact quote) | Indirect speech (not exact) |
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"Next week's lesson is on reported speech ", she said. | She said next week's lesson is on reported speech. |
Today | + 24 hours - Indirect speech |
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"Today's lesson is on presentations." | She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations. |
Expressions of time if reported on a different day | ||
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this (evening) | › | that (evening) |
today | › | yesterday ... |
these (days) | › | those (days) |
now | › | then |
(a week) ago | › | (a week) before |
last weekend | › | the weekend before last / the previous weekend |
here | › | there |
next (week) | › | the following (week) |
tomorrow | › | the next/following day |
At work | At home |
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"How long have you worked here?" | She asked me how long I'd worked there. |
Me | You |
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"I teach English online." | She said she teaches English online. |
accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought. |
He invited me to the party. |
He begged me to come to the party. |
He ordered me to come to the party. |
He advised me to come to the party. |
He suggested I should come to the party. |
Direct Speech | Þ | Indirect Speech |
simple present He said, “I go to school every day.” | Þ | simple past He said (that) he went to school every day. |
simple past He said, “I went to school every day.” | Þ | past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day. |
present perfect He said, “I have gone to school every day.” | Þ | past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day. |
present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.” | Þ | past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day. |
past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.” | Þ | perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day, |
future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.” | Þ | would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day. |
future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.” | Þ | present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day. |
past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day | ||
Direct Speech | Þ | Indirect Speech |
auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?” | Þ | simple past He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school. |
imperative He said, “Go to school every day.” | Þ | infinitive He said to go to school every day. |
*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions. The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below. |
Direct Speech | Þ | Indirect Speech |
simple present + simple present He says, “I go to school every day.” | Þ | simple present + simple present He says (that) he goes to school every day. |
present perfect + simple present He has said, “I go to school every day.” | Þ | present perfect + simple present He has said (that) he goes to school every day. |
past progressive + simple past He was saying, “I went to school every day.” | Þ | past progressive + simple past He was saying (that) he went to school every day. |
past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day. | ||
future + simple present He will say, “I go to school every day.” | Þ | future + simple present He will say (that) he goes to school every day. |
Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used. |
Direct Speech | Þ | Indirect Speech |
can He said, “I can go to school every day.” | Þ | could He said (that) he could go to school every day. |
may He said, “I may go to school every day.” | Þ | might He said (that) he might go to school every day. |
might He said, “I might go to school every day.” | ||
must He said, “I must go to school every day.” | Þ | had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day. |
have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.” | ||
should He said, “I should go to school every day.” | Þ | should He said (that) he should go to school every day. |
ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.” | Þ | ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day. |